Do EU Trade Policies Help or Hurt Developing Countries Essay

Do EU Trade Policies Help or Hurt Developing Countries - Essay Example In numerous developing countries, the trend is shifting from trade liberalisation to economic independence (Candau & Jean 2006). The multilateral trading system is enduring from the instability of the economy while preferential agreements keep on flourishing. Nowadays, no developing country is withdrawing from this development. Even if the European Union (EU), which began with the enforcement in 1958 of a customs union, has been putting into effects preferential agreements for several years, other developing countries, particularly those in East Asia, did not aid the increase in the prevalence of preferential agreements (Hoekman & Prowse 2005). Nevertheless, in the recent decades, developing economies, such as China, have further strengthened this risky development. Because of the failure of the Geneva ministerial convention in 2008, there will be heightened need for PTAs (Hoekman & Prowse 2005). The issues raised in the recent decade will occur again. The absence of growth in the mu ltilateral stage will be considered as the major justification for preferential agreements and, apparently, this claim is currently more compelling than before (Falvey & Reed 2002). With the absence of any possible settlement on the Doha Development Round, the international economy is seasoned once again for a new batch of preferential agreements. However, policymakers should understand the risks that PTAs create for developing countries. Theoretically, preferential agreements rule out countries (Candau & Jean 2006). Liberalisation is PTAs’ deal and countries make compromises in them, yet these are exclusive to the signatories. Hence, preferential agreements exclude (Evenett 2008). Given this fact, the first most favourable solution would be to remove preferential agreements in general. Countries, without preferential agreements, could either agree in multilateral discussions on liberalisation plans or have unilateral trade regulations (Hoekman et al. 2008). Nowadays, neverth eless, this is not a possible suggestion. All countries would have to concur with the restrictions of PTAs. Hence, the challenge at present is to enforce mechanisms that lessen the unfavourable effects of PTAs, in particular on developing countries. This issue will be thoroughly discussed in this paper. Preferential Trade Agreements: Favourable or Unfavourable to Developing Countries? Several studies have investigated the effect of the trade preferences of EU on imports from developing nations. Majority have reported favourable outcomes, specifically for the preferences provided to the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states (Persson and Wilhelmsson 2007), which are aiming for sustainable development and reduction of poverty levels. Evenett (2008) emphasises that the effect of the EU Generalised Scheme of Tariff Preferences (GSP), which guarantees that exporters from developing countries are charged with lesser duties, relies on which of the EU GSP agreement that is concerned an d that the organisational expenditures related with acquiring level of preferences to that margins of preference of not below 4.5% are non-utilised (Nilsson & Matsson 2009, 5). Other scholars, such as Cipollina and Salvati (2008), study the effect of preferences of the EU in the industry of agriculture. These scholars reported that the preferential schemes of

Authority Essay Example for Free

Authority Essay Define the term â€Å"authority.† What does it mean to be authoritative, and how do you go about establishing whether a source is, indeed, credible? Why is it important to not only invite authorities to speak in your writing, but also to establish your own authority as you write? Authority by definition: the power to give orders or make decisions, or the power or right to direct or control someone or something, or the confident quality of someone who knows a lot about something or who is respected or obeyed by other people (Merriam-Webster, 2010). Figures of authority are extraordinarily significant to the credibility within any paper. Including citation from members of society with an advanced skill set will not only solidify proposed ideas, but can also aid in swaying an argument (Ballenger, 17). Valid credibility can go a long way in improving the impact a piece makes on its reader. While it is important to include factual information of the writers proposed idea, it is equally important to establish a voice within the piece. Each article of information that comes from a professional standpoint can be a stepping stone towards the finished product of the writers work. Weaving an authoritative voice simultaneously strengthens the paper as well as the validity of the writers work. Lastly, citing authoritative individuals in a piece will grant the permission of their facts without sending the writer towards plagiarism. Although it is often unintentional, plagiarism happens quite frequently. It is imperative to the writer that citations of an authority figure (ie: scholars, researchers, critics, or specialists) are included in their piece to ensure the professionalism of their message can be brought to light using convincing sources.

Classroom Community in Distance Education Classrooms

Classroom Community in Distance Education Classrooms Study of a Sense of Classroom Community in Distance Education Classrooms of Dental Hygiene Schools in the US by I. Smilyanski, RDH, MS Sense of classroom community as a critical aspect of students’ academic success and overall satisfaction with their learning process The literature review presented some very important points regarding distance learning process in higher education in general, healthcare education, and dental hygiene education in particular. It is apparent that DE is one of the fastest growing fields in higher education, dental hygiene including.(reference from previous lit synth) This method of delivery is cost effective, efficient, and doesn’t appear to affect students’ academic performance to any significant extent.(reference from previous lit synth) However, there is a common thread that emerges in literature regarding students‘ negative perception of their learning experience and their overall lower satisfaction associated with DE.(reference from previous lit synth) Ever since the modern communication technology was introduced in a classroom, the debate is taking place about how important is the community spirit for students’ progress in their learning.1 At the turn of the 21st century, multiple seminal research papers presented the idea of a â€Å"spiritual learning community†1, a college classroom where community spirit is the main contributing factor for students’ graduation success1. A group of scientists attempted to look deeper into phenomenon of a sense of community in a college classroom. McKinney et al1 in their 2006 research made an effort to measure a sense of classroom community to see how it affects students’ satisfaction level. They also examined how the changes in students’ performance in a classroom can be correlated to the changes in their sense of classroom community.1 In their controlled study of 40 psychology students the authors used both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. 1 Sense of Classroom Community (SCC) was measured with the â€Å"Sense of Community Questionnaire† adopted from J. Schweitzer’s â€Å"the Sense of Community in Neighborhoods† assessment instrument.1 The authors made significant effort to eliminate potential bias, the data was made fully anonymous through the coding process.1 The results proved to be quite impressive. The Pearson correlation statistical analysis showed highly positive (p1 Another important observation made during this study: the higher examination grades were also correlated (p = .029) to the increase in the SCC.1 Unfortunately, the experiment was limited to psychology students. It is important to see if similar conclusions can be made from a study of a different course or a program so the findings can be fully generalized. The next study looked into the importance of a sense of classroom community in increasing learners’ satisfaction and decreasing their feeling of isolation.4 The study was performed on the group of 412 medical students located in multiple remote campuses in Arizona.4 The researchers used Rovai’s Classroom Community Scale as a measuring instrument.4 The results showed that the longer time students spent in their remote locations, the higher their feeling of isolation became.4 Their sense of classroom community and academic satisfaction has been decreased over that time as well.4 ANOVA data analysis showed that there is statistically significant (p4 It is important to point out that this research was done in the medical field, with the use of distance education modality in remote campuses, and it had large sample size and anonymous data collection. This makes the study’s findings even more valuable.4 To further this literature review into the area of distance education, it is essential to look into the Rovai and Lucking’s3 research of a â€Å"Sense of Community in a Higher Education Television-Based Distance Education Program† published in 2003.3 This important controlled study used a convenience sample of 120 adult learners. The research objective was to measure the sense of classroom community (SCC) in conventional and distance- interactive television based courses to see if there are any variations depending on which route is used.3 The study employed the Sense of Classroom Community Index (SCCI) which is a previous version of the Rovai’s Classroom Community Scale (CCS) described above.3 Reliability analysis of this scale was also performed with N = 511 and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of .96.3 The data from the pre-test and the post-test administered to the students was analyzed using the ANOVA and ANCOVA techniques. The results proved that the se nse of classroom community was significantly lower among television based course students at the end of intervention (one college semester) than it was at the time of the pre-test.3 The control group, students from conventional classroom, didn’t show similar trend.3 All the studies described above show similarities in their evaluations of the community spirit in higher education classrooms.1,3,4 They prove that the sense of classroom community (SCC) is the critical component when evaluating outcome of a higher education, whether it is conventional or DE method of delivery. 1,3,4 All the studies correlate a lower SCC to a lower students’ satisfaction, and potentially lower academic outcomes. 1,3,4 They also use various scales to measure the SCC with different levels of reliability. 1,3,4 The final study that is presented here developed the device to be used as a measurement tool for the SCC and determined how reliable this tool is.2 In his 2002 study Rovai2 assessed data collected through the post-test from a random sample of 375 students enrolled in 28 various college courses to analyze validity and reliability of the scale that is based on the 20-questions survey.2 With the extensive use of inferential statistical analysis the author pro ved with the high degree of consistency that the Classroom Community Scale (CCS) can be fully relied on when measuring a SCC in higher education classroom.2 A. Rovai concluded that his 20-item questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to be used in research.2 To conclude this literature review, there are very important questions that need to be answered about DE modality in dental hygiene education. Research is very limited in this specific field, however other areas show the trend of a lower sense of classroom community, lesser feeling of belonging, and lack of feeling of connectdeness.1-4 These are very important parameters to consider because they have large influence on how students perceive their learning experience and because they can potentially affect students’ outcomes.(references to be added) Rovai’s Classroom Community Scale appears to be a reliable tool that can be used when studying these factors.2 Although research in dental hygiene education and other fields didn’t establish that the DL is directly related to lower academic performance, some authors found a sense of community to be very important for overall learning experience.1 The following research will attempt to measure the SCC among remote campu s based students of multiple dental hygiene programs in the US and compare with control groups of students located within the host campuses. References 1. McKinney JP, McKinney KG, Franiuk R, Schweitzer J. The college classroom as a community: Impact on student attitudes and learning. College Teaching. 2006;54(3):281-284. 2. Rovai AP. Development of an instrument to measure classroom community. The Internet and Higher Education. 2002;5(3):197-211. 3. Rovai AP, Lucking R. Sense of community in a higher education television-based distance education program. Educational Technology Research and Development. 2003;51(2):5-16. 4. Vora RS, Kinney MN. Connectedness, sense of community, and academic satisfaction in a novel community campus medical education model. Acad Med. 2013.

Japanese Internment :: essays research papers

After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the United States was filled with panic. Along the Pacific coast of the U.S., where residents feared more Japanese attacks on their cities, homes, and businesses, this feeling was especially great. During the time preceding World War II, there were approximately 112,000 persons of Japanese descent living in California, Arizona, and coastal Oregon and Washington. These immigrants traveled to American hoping to be free, acquire jobs, and for some a chance to start a new life. Some immigrants worked in mines, others helped to develop the United States Railroad, many were fishermen, farmers, and some agricultural laborers. Inevitably, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, that began World War II, Japanese-Americans were frowned upon and stereotyped because of their descent. However, Japanese immigrants contributed to economic expansion of the United States. Whites resented the Japanese immigrants, but reaped economic profit from the Japanese-American residents’ discipline and hard work. Japanese-Americans of this time seem to be attacked; however, they choose to uphold their disconnection with the rest of the Americans. Many Japanese felt they had superiority over Americans, creating tension and disconnection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nevertheless, Japanese were resented and disliked by whites. Due to pressure from state leaders near the west coast, President Roosevelt, on February 19, 1942, signed Executive Order 9066. This resulted in the which resulted in the violent imprisonment of 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry. When the government gave its internment order, whites rounded up, imprisoned, and exiled their Japanese neighbors. In 1942, 110,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast of the United States were relocated to ten internment camps. More than two thirds of those sent to internment camps, under the Executive Order, had never shown disloyalty and were also citizens of the United States. In April 1942, the War Relocation Authority was created to control the assembly centers, relocation centers, and internment camps, and oversee the relocation of Japanese-Americans. It took another forty years for the US government to recognize the violations of this population's constitutiona l rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The internment camps were permanent detention camps that held internees from March, 1942 until their closing in 1945 and 1946. Although the camps held captive people of many different origins, the majority of the prisoners were Japanese-Americans. There were ten different relocation centers located across the United States during the war. These Japanese Americans, half of whom were children, were incarcerated for up to 4 years, without due process of law or any factual basis, in bleak, remote camps surrounded by barbed wire and armed guards.

Young people drive their political development

The term gigantic suggests a causal direction. Can these two very different viewpoints be merged? By Habeas Question-I : Political colonization has typically been defined as â€Å"the process by which people come to acquire political attitudes and values. † Colonization agents are, among others, the parents, peers, school, and the surrounding society. The term suggests a causal direction. Young people are socialized by others.Researchers sometimes talk about an gigantic perspective: Young people drive their own political development. The term gigantic suggests a causal direction. Young people choose their own ways to gain information and develop attitudes about society. Can these two very different viewpoints be merged? The current research has Identified several socializing agents In adolescents' political development. We know that parents, peers, the school, and the media are Important agents In shaping adolescents political and CIVIC values. Attitudes, and behaviors. Howeve r, researchers have studied this process through a unidirectional lens, that is, most often taking a top-down approach where transmission flows from parent to hill. From this perspective, adolescents have been considered as passive recipients in their political colonization. In 2002, McDermott and Chaffed wrote perhaps one of the most altering papers in the field of political colonization. In this article, the authors express the need for examining adolescents as active agents in their political colonization.The fundamental question is: should a top-down and bottom-up approach be merged when studying adolescents' political colonization? My standpoint Is very simple: It is not Just possible It is necessary. In order to give an count of how Influential agents and adolescents' agency can be merged, we first need to understand why the political colonization literature has examined youth's political colonization from a unidirectional perspective over the past few decades. Societal shifts and political colonization research over the past few decades The political colonization literature began to emerge in the mid-offs.The societal structures, political climate, and norm of that generation generally exerted a top- down mentality in several scopes of life, whether it was in the family within the school among other social institutions. Generally, the family would normally abide by a patriarchal and hierarchical structure where parents, particularly fathers, were most influential in the familial dynamics. Teachers would often have an authoritarian role with little democracy in the classroom climate.It is no surprise that social models were thus reflected In the work of political colonization researchers at the time. Whether scholars developed theories of communication patterns at home (Chaffed, McLeod, & Hickman, 1973) or role modeling behaviors (Fletcher, Elder, & Memos, 2000) to explain Intergenerational transmission, a top-down approach was objectification of childre n was evident in these models at the time. However, despite the slow changes of the social structures in society, scholars and their theoretical models did not catch up with the generational shifts.It was not until the re-birth of the political colonization research in the sass's that scholars began to re-consider, inspired by other disciplines, the idea that adolescents too, could be active agents in their political colonization. Modern society and new media Modern Western society has shifted towards a tangent quite different from the social structures in comparison to the sass's. Adolescents in these societies have been found to have more influence in the family and perceive more democracy in the family (Stain, Person, Burk, & Kerr, 2011).Politically, schools are also adopting more democratic climates in the classroom allowing children to feel more efficacious and involved in their education (Campbell, 2008). With the emergence and growth of the Internet and â€Å"new media†, adolescents today have easy access to information online, regardless of the influence of other agents (Mossberg, Delbert, & McNealy, 2008). Adolescents might be more inclined to develop an interest and engagement in lattice and societal affairs. They may take the initiative to seek information that is so readily available to them through the Internet.Online behaviors might transfer to offline behaviors; adolescents might be seeking information independently and initiating conversations at home or with peers about different political and societal matters. Again, adolescents should be considered as active agents in their political and civic colonization. Researchers have thus recognized the need to re-examine the way they think about transmission, how they examine adolescents political colonization, and the models they use to explain this.More recently, scholars have been using a bi-directional approach, that is, also considering adolescents' agency in theoretical models that can h elp us understand how adolescents develop their political and civic behaviors (McLeod, 2000; Sapphire & Chaffed, 2002). It became clear that merging the idea of top-down and bottom-up influences was not a choice, rather a necessity in the development of theoretical models in the field of political colonization. Conclusion It is vital for current theories in the field of political colonization to consider adolescents as active agents in their political colonization.

CVE-2005-0551 Essays

CVE-2005-0551 Essays CVE-2005-0551 Essay CVE-2005-0551 Essay CVE-2005-0551 is privilege lift exposure. On successful development of this exposure aggressor could take complete control over the attacked system and can act every bit normal as the decision maker on the machine. Privilege can be defined as the procedure of verifying the permissions before leting making something ( accessing protected resources ) . User provides some individuality for proof. In instance of Windows, the logged in user certificates can be an individuality to supply entree to the resources ( state meats maps ) . The act of deriving the entree to the protected resources from the application user by working the bug or design defects in the package application is usually referred as the privilege escalation. Privilege lift is a particular sort of privilege escalation referred as perpendicular privilege escalation. In this procedure a low privileged user entree the resources of the high privileged user. The illustration of one such is, the terminal user of the waiter making install/ uninstall of the plans on the machine that he logged in. The merchandise bug may allow higher permissions than the user meant for when supplying a specially crafted input to the applications. Buffer/ stack flood can besides leads to this sort of onslaught. CVE-2005-0551: An application that provides console window information with a long FaceName value may do buffer overflow in WINSRV.dll in csrss.exe procedure. Attacker can work this exposure by specially planing an application that causes buffer overflow and derive the elevated permissions. CVE ( Common Vulnerabilities and exposures ) provides the undermentioned description for the CVE-2005-0551. â€Å"Stack-based buffer flood in Winsrv.dll in the client waiter runtime system procedure of Windows NT4 runing systems allows local users to derive privileges via a specially designed application that provides console window information with a long FaceName value† . CSRSS: Client/ Server runtime subsystem ( csrss.exe ) is a Microsoft Windows NT runing system constituent. CSRSS provides user mode side of the win32 subsystem and is chiefly responsible for Win32 console applications and threading. Buffer Overflow exposure: Whenever a plan efforts to hive away informations beyond the boundaries of a fixed-length buffer, the information is overwritten into the next memory locations. Some times it may overwrite the next buffers and some times variables and in the worst the plan flow which may do a procedure to crash or bring forth wrong consequences. The buffer overproduction may trip the executing of some malicious codification if the aggressor designed the input in such a format to make so. Stack based development: Overflowing the stack by go throughing the statements of size greater than the size of the variable allocated in the stack section we could make that. By making beastly force onslaught on this at some point we could hit the system bid and the parametric quantity values that are passed to the map could really a plan or a arrow to a map that contains some malicious codification. Scale and range of the exposure: The aggressor can research this exposure if he has at least local user permissions on the machine that he wants to assail. Unless he log on to the machine he can non research the exposure. The terminus users where maintain for public entree etc. are largely exposed to the aggressor. Attacker could non assail the machine through Internet or from some other distant location. He needs to be the local user of that machine. Anonymous user can non work this exposure as he can non entree the machine and log in to the machine and run the crafted application. To research the exposure aggressor foremost needs to log in the machine with his certificates on the machine. Then he needs to run a specially designed application to research the exposure. This stack based exposure can be exposed by crashing the csrss.exe procedure and besides providing FaceName of length greater than 32bytes. Once the onslaught is successful, the aggressor gets the complete control over the machine. He can move as the decision maker of that machine. He is free to add new plans, take plans, add new users to the machine group, take the bing users, alter the permissions of the users, take the critical information in the machine, adds the malicious content to the bing informations and so on. Mitigating/ deciding this exposure is really of import as the impact of this would be immense on the waiters those act as the waiter for the terminal clients. The factor that the distant users can non research this exposure of class reduces the surface country of the exposure but the issue is really of import from the security concern. Microsoft Systems it effects: The feat can go on in the undermentioned Microsoft Systems Windows 2000, Windows XP Sp1, Windows XP Sp2, and Windows Server 2003. This exposure is non exposed in Windowss view, windows waiter 2008 and Windows 7 runing systems though the csrss.exe procedure tallies on those machines. Degree of menace posed by this exposure to Microsoft Systems: Attacker can work this exposure and addition unauthorised entree to the resources of the machine. Once the development win he can derive full entree to the machine, and now he is free to change the machine constellation, and scenes. He can add new users to the machine group, take the users from the group and do denial of service onslaught ( as the attested users no more used the services provided by the system ) , add new plans ( these plans can be sniffers that sends the user secret information to the aggressor by listening them in secret ) , take installed plans, entree the cardinal files and deletes those, entree the database and take the database that resides in the machine. How does the feat map? Attacker should log into the terminus that he has entree to, by supplying the certificates ( local user certificates, who has limited entree ) . He so runs a specially designed application to work the exposure with his certificates. The application is designed such that it causes stack flood in winsrv.dll in csrss.exe procedure. After running the application successfully, aggressor additions complete control over the targeted machine. How is the exploit codification delivered to the mark system? This onslaught can non be performed remotely. It does intend that aggressor can non be one of the Internet user or remote user. The system can non be affected because of linking to the Internet. This onslaught is possible if the aggressor is a local ( limited entree ) user of the targeted machine. The purpose of the onslaught is to derive unauthorised entree on the resources that he does non hold entree permissions. The exploit codification will be delivered to the mark system by copying the specially crafted application from any removable media or from mail fond regard. Attacker he himself cognizing will make this to derive the control over the targeted machine. Manage/ mitigate this exposure: This exposure can be mitigated by downloading and put ining the updates available at the following location ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms05-018.mspx ) . One of the common guidelines to follow are that ever turn on automatic updates, so that the new updates will be automatically downloaded and installed from Microsoft. Restricting the user accounts merely to the attested users can extenuate the job though non wholly. The waiters do non hold job unless non-administrative entree permission is given to login the waiter and running the plans. This is non the recommended best pattern counsel for configuring the waiter. Restricting console entree at the hazardous terminuss can extenuate the job and cut down the surface country of the job. This is a trade-off between the capableness we provide and the security that we want to supply. Mentions: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi? name=CAN-2005-0551 hypertext transfer protocol: //labs.idefense.com/intelligence/vulnerabilities/display.php? id=230 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation hypertext transfer protocol: //www.watchguard.com/infocenter/editorial/135144.asp CVE-2005-0551 exposure is because of the feat of the stack based buffer flood in winsrv.dll in the client waiter runtime system ( csrss ) procedure of Windows NT4 ( Microsoft server 2000, Windows XP ( SP1 and SP2 ) , windows server 2003 ) systems. Attacker exploits the exposure of the targeted system and gets unauthorised entree to the resources on that machine. Runing the specially designed application to work the exposure of the Windows NT4 systems ( mentioned above ) and deriving entree to the unauthorised resources for that user is nil but the privilege lift. Privilege lift is a type of privilege escalation and the Wikipedia definition of privilege lift is â€Å"A lower privileged user entrees maps, and other resources such as files etc reserved for higher privilege users† . The lower privilege users of the targeted system exploit the exposure and seek deriving the control over the resources of the decision maker of the machine or he can see the contents of other users which he is non supposed to make. On successful development, the local unauthorised user ( non-admin ) can entree the system thrust, add/ remove plans, start new procedure, alter the constellation, add new histories for that machine, take the users, changes the entree rights of the machines, changes the user privileges and so on. It is frequently people design applications that accepts input from the user through console ( by come ining the text input ) , i.e. is a character based user interface. Win32 API ( application plan interface ) offers this and the codification to run this characteristic resides in csrss procedure, a nucleus system procedure. This procedure manages Microsoft client/ waiter runtime waiter subsystem. Winsrv.dll file is responsible for creating/ deleting, pull offing the console windows. The codification in this Anethum graveolens manages these operations. Winsrv.dll contains the win32 user modus operandis and in writing engine modus operandis ( GDI ) . On choosing the belongingss item from the system Menu of a console window, CONSOLE_STATE_INFO construction ( a information construction that contains the information about the console window belongingss ) will be copied into the file-mapping object. This construction contains a nothing terminated threading stipulating the name of the fount, FaceName [ 32 ] . This twine is copied it in to a fixed size stack buffer without any saneness checking. Wcscpy ( ) map do the transcript operation. By providing a twine longer than 32 bytes, the onslaught can be explored ( It is nil but the stack based buffer overflow onslaught ) . Once the onslaught is successful the targeted system will be to the full compromised and the aggressor additions the entree right ( full permissions ) on all sorts of resources that are available to the decision maker of the box. Now he can add, take the plans, install sniffers ( spywares to listen other user activities ) , delete the sensitive content in the system, add the new users in to the system ( he can make a new history for himself as the decision maker on the box so that he need non make the same onslaught for deriving the control once more ) , he can disenable the other user histories so that they can non entree their histories, take permissions of other users ion certain resources and so on. The range of the exposure is high as the non-admin user can acquire administrative permission of the targeted system. Once an unauthorised user gets entree permissions the system can be said as compromised and every possible onslaught is now possible on that system. The system is no more secure to utilize and is extremely recommended to non to utilize. Besides it is difficult for the decision maker to happen it out that the system is compromised unless he sees some harm go on. In the average clip the aggressor can listen the other Sessionss of the attested users by put ining the undercover agent ware.The onslaught is non possible from the Internet or from some other distant locations. The onslaught will merely go on if the user is in the local user group of that machine ( i.e. user should hold some degree of entree on that machine ) . Unauthorized users, those who can non login to the machine can non work the onslaught and compromise the system. Attacker can non load/ run the plan re motely by working this exposure. Attacker who wants to work the exposure at first demands to login with his certificates and so run specially designed application for the onslaught ( the fount name value should be more than 32 bytes to do the stack flood, this is the field that needs to be build to derive the control over the machine ) . On successful development, aggressor additions the control over the targeted machine. Waiters those provide terminal client Sessionss are most prone to this onslaught than the normal waiters and client constellations. The machines that are exposed to the onslaught are: Windows waiter 2003 Windows waiter 2000 Microsoft Windows XP 32 spot edition ( SP1 and Sp2 ) and The version of ntoskrnl.exe is less than 5.1.2600.2622 and is the one non put in the spot KB890851. Microsoft released a new spot ( hotfix ) for this job. The Windowss machines that are exposed to this onslaught should put in the spot KB890851 to extenuate the job. This update removes the exposure by modifying the manner the messages proofs go oning before they pass them to the needed constituents. The best patterns to follow to avoid these sorts of onslaughts are: Keep spots up-to-date i.e. ever turning on Windowss updates and let put ining the new security updates. Need to put the constellation scenes sharply such that though they limit the functionality of the user the system will be more secure. Restrict console entree on public terminuss where security is a concern.This can be accomplished by making the undermentioned register key: HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftwarePoliciesMicrosoftWindowsSystem Add a DWORD named DisableCMD with the value 1 to disenable bidprompt and batch files or the value 2 to disenable bid prompt butallow batch files. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms05-018.mspx hypertext transfer protocol: //labs.idefense.com/intelligence/vulnerabilities/display.php? id=230 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi? name=CAN-2005-0551 hypertext transfer protocol: //oval.mitre.org/repository/data/getDef? id=oval: org.mitre.oval: def:1822 hypertext transfer protocol: //downloads.bsi-fuer-buerger.de/produkte/bosscd/boss2/doc/mitre/CAN/2005/0551.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vupen.com/english/Reference-CVE-2005-0551.php

Pronouncing the Spanish R

Pronouncing the Spanish R Question: One word in Spanish that I cant seem to get right is aire for air. I hear it from Spanish speakers sounding like EYE-day, but its not a d sound - theres a definite re sound, but it eludes me. Answer: The single r can indeed sound a lot like the English d. (The same isnt true of the Spanish rr sound, which is trilled.) Except at the beginning of words that stand alone (where the r is trilled), a single r is formed (more or less) by hitting the tongue against the front of the palate. It is sometimes said that the Spanish r sounds like the tt in little, so youre hearing correctly. The exact pronunciation varies somewhat with the speaker, the region the person is from, and the placement of the letter in the word. The R for English Speakers What works for some English speakers (even if it may not be technically correct) is to shape the lips something like the sound that is made for the English r, but to make the sound with a single trill or flap of the tongue against the front of the palate. Actually, its probably best not to think English r at all; the sounds of the two languages really are different. And if its any consolation, the sound of the English r is more difficult for native Spanish speakers (and speakers of many other languages) to master than it is for English speakers to master the Spanish r. You can hear the r pronounced by native speakers in our audio lesson on pronouncing the r. Words spoken in that lesson are pero (but), caro (expensive), primo (cousin), tres (three), seà ±or (Mr.) and hablar (to speak). Recommendations From the Community Participants in our forum have discussed pronunciation of the r, especially when it comes after a consonant, as in abra. Heres some of their advice: You can try substituting the English letter d for a single r. For example: Pero (Spanish) Pedo (English). If you say it quickly it begins to take on the character of the Spanish r. I learned this from a friend from Colombia whose name was Miriam. She hated the swallowed r that Americans make when they say her name, so she suggested that they call her Medium. Said quickly, that was much closer to the Spanish pronunciation of Miriam.When you say the word throw you have to put your tongue in almost the same position as you do when you make the Spanish r sound. Try that for positioning your tongue, then just blow real hard and your tongue will vibrate like its supposed to do for those rolling rrs. Once you have the tongue vibrating, make a growling sound like rrrrrrr.If you pronounce the t and d as they are pronounced in Spanish with the tip of the tongue on or near the top of the upper front teeth instead of farther up on the alveolar ridge as we usually do in English, then to get to t he r you only have to flip it up a little. Anyway, you can solace that Spanish doesnt have those impossible consonant combinations that some languages have. (I knew a guy from Africa whose first name was Ngmpu. Try that one!) If you can already make the r sound when surrounded by vowels, then stick in a vowel at first - u works the best. Practice saying abura a bunch of times, gradually emphasizing the u less and less until youre just saying abra.I dont think I have any trouble with r as in abra, or at least no native speaker has ever told me that my pronunciation of it sounds bad. If youve got the r of para or caro down, its exactly the same as that; flap your tongue right after the consonant. In other words, try saying ohtda as though it were an English word very quickly (of course, your tongue should touch the back of your front teeth when you say the t) and you will probably get the word otra right.

Free Essays on The Stages Children Go Through To Determine Their Personalities

Children are the eyes to the future. How a child’s life is formed determines how our future is shaped. Sigmund Freud laid down the basic foundation of a person’s personality. He said that person ’s personality is formed by the time they reach the age of five. Freud said that a child’s early experiences determines their adult personalities. He then defined each stage that a child goes through. Freud called it the psychosexual development stages. These are the stages that are â€Å" successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulation of specific bodily areas at different times in life.† ( Zimbardo Pg. 386) These five stages deal with how children deal with their sexual urges. The stages change and become more intense as a child gets older. If a child doesn’t fully satisfy his needs a any stage they can become fixated to the needs of that stage. Fixation occurs when a child faces a problem growing from stage to stage. Fixation can greatly affect our personalities when we become adults. When a child become fixated they become dependent to the emotional urges of the stage. Each stage has different effects. The first stage children go through is the oral stage. This represents the stage of the mouth. In this stage children go through the change from breast to bottle. It involves sucking, biting, eating and crying. Children go through this stage in their first year . â€Å"Children learn to overcome dependency in this stage.† ( Zimabrdo Pg.387) Fixation at this stage creates adult personality problems like smoking, nail biting or obesity. These are all problems that deal with the mouth. Fixation at the oral stage causes a â€Å" a common theme of using the mouth as a way to connect to what one needs.† ( Zimbardo Pg.387) The anal stage is the second stage that usually occurs between the first and third years as a child. The biggest obstacle at this stage is toilet training. Freud said that at this stage... Free Essays on The Stages Children Go Through To Determine Their Personalities Free Essays on The Stages Children Go Through To Determine Their Personalities Children are the eyes to the future. How a child’s life is formed determines how our future is shaped. Sigmund Freud laid down the basic foundation of a person’s personality. He said that person ’s personality is formed by the time they reach the age of five. Freud said that a child’s early experiences determines their adult personalities. He then defined each stage that a child goes through. Freud called it the psychosexual development stages. These are the stages that are â€Å" successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulation of specific bodily areas at different times in life.† ( Zimbardo Pg. 386) These five stages deal with how children deal with their sexual urges. The stages change and become more intense as a child gets older. If a child doesn’t fully satisfy his needs a any stage they can become fixated to the needs of that stage. Fixation occurs when a child faces a problem growing from stage to stage. Fixation can greatly affect our personalities when we become adults. When a child become fixated they become dependent to the emotional urges of the stage. Each stage has different effects. The first stage children go through is the oral stage. This represents the stage of the mouth. In this stage children go through the change from breast to bottle. It involves sucking, biting, eating and crying. Children go through this stage in their first year . â€Å"Children learn to overcome dependency in this stage.† ( Zimabrdo Pg.387) Fixation at this stage creates adult personality problems like smoking, nail biting or obesity. These are all problems that deal with the mouth. Fixation at the oral stage causes a â€Å" a common theme of using the mouth as a way to connect to what one needs.† ( Zimbardo Pg.387) The anal stage is the second stage that usually occurs between the first and third years as a child. The biggest obstacle at this stage is toilet training. Freud said that at this stage...

Can we know when to trust our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge Essay - 3

Can we know when to trust our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge Consider history and one other area of knowledge - Essay Example This mainly occurs when we lay our fundamental beliefs on matters of the heart rather than using brains to make our conclusions. This type of emotion provides us with strength to engage in intellectual activities. Knowledge is learning or studying something new a person didn’t know before.knowldge and its power suppresses normal schooling as it comes through a very long process of experiences (Campbell, 2002, pp204). Though schooling is educational, it cannot give someone an opportunity to experience knowledge that is experienced when an individual takes on a journey to explore new things. Guided by emotions, an individual tend to dwell deep on a matter and learn more than he or she can have a chance to learn more than ever, thus opening more avenues there were never there before. With emotions facilitating the search of knowledge an individual will have a chance to learn a broader spectrum of things. Using emotions and the art is a trustworthy action. In history, every story is related to emotions. Being compilations of stories from different personas, no one can stand and clearly say what the truth in history is. No one can certify whether historical accounts are true or not. In respect to this fact, the pursuit of knowledge in history then is said to be completely emotional experience (Campbell, 2002, pp134). History, involves evidence used, where it was made, whom it was made by and for what reason. History as a way of knowing the past happenings does not only help us to understand more on what is being researched, but also creates insight into the time period. Sometimes when an individual acts emotionally, his or her rationality is very weak thus allowing an opportunity for history misconstruction. Emotions can immensely affect history. For example, during the trial of David Irving versus Dr. Deborah, and Penguin publishers. Irving was accused to be anti-Semite and a racist, but he strongly resented the accusations saying that the

Managerial Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managerial Control - Essay Example The performance of every division is evaluated through its Return on Investment (ROI) (Jensen, and Meckling, 1976, 306) and this is the same with ACS as well. Millwall Company has been awarded the contract for a specific project. The project requires the component which is manufactured by Reading company. The Reading Company is operating less than full capacity. Millwall has requested to buy the component for his project from Reading. As there is no transfer pricing policy of ACS therefore Reading offered Millwall the component at regular price less selling and distribution expense. But this offer was not accepted by Millwall and it has proposed to pay Reading the price which was less than cost of the component. The corporate management of ACS has tried to negotiate between the two companies and offered Reading $10.12 for component. The figure was evaluated by the combination of standard full manufacturing cost plus 15 percent markup. However this suggestion was not accepted by both companies. Reading regularly sells the component at $13 to outsiders. However Millwall estimated the cost figure of the component at $7.60. Reading offered to supply that component to Miilwall at $11.20 which was extracted from regular price i.e. $13 less variable and distribution expenses i.e. $1.20. The figure shows that reading would have profit of $1.80 if it supplies the component to Millwall at $11.20. The acceptance of the Reading’s proposed price by Millwall might have positive effect on the attitude of Reading’s management toward intra-company business. Firstly, Reading’s proposed price would be accepted by one of the intra-company of Anderson Customized Security (ACS) as it is always better to sell goods to intracompany. Secondly, Reading can also have a profit of $1.80. Though this would be less profit as Reading could have earned more by selling the component to outsiders but the company has to play its part in supporting the other companies of the same

Marco Palmezzano, Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist Essay - 1

Marco Palmezzano, Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist - Essay Example ainter near the Umbrian school, the first who practised foreshortening with much success and one of the most outstanding fresco painters of the 15th century.... Â  Marco Palmezzano, 1an Italian from Forli, Romagna ( 1460 – 1539) would be considered as a High Renaissance Artist would depend upon which of his works was being considered. He originally trained as an artist under the master Melozzo da Forli and his earliest work is perhaps the fresco decoration dating from around1480-84 of the vault of the sacristy of the treasury at Santa Casa, Loreto, which was designed by Melozzo da Forli considered to be a great master of perspective and had worked with the better known Piero Della Francesa. Marco was working with his teacher on fresco for the Capella Feo in S.Girolamo, in the town of Forli when the older man died, work that has since been destroyed by war action. Henry La Farge says of the relationship between the two artists Mellozo and Della Francesca that Mellozo:- It is likely that he had also studied architecture in Urbino, according to an article originally written in 1915.3 This seems likely when the fine architectural detail in many of his works is considered , including the one under consideration, as well as his familiarity with various types of marble and his ability to reproduce them on canvas or other material. The same writer points out how Marco Palmezzano would signed himself as the pupil of Melozzo, and the fact that this has caused confusion as to who actually painted a piece and their works have consequently been misattributed. This would also in part explain why Palmezzano is relatively unknown despite having works on exhibition in such prestigious places as the National Gallery4 and The Courtauld Institute, both in London, but also in many other places in Western Europe, in Australia and the United States of America. At some point in his twenties Palmezzano he traveled to Rome, where it is possible he painted the fresco in th e church

How to become a lady to be admired and envied Essay

How to become a lady to be admired and envied - Essay Example None of the statements above includes level of college degree, level of career, financial wealth or marital status. This does not mean that they are not important. Certainly, they are to the same degree they are essential to an individual. Those accomplishments are as an outcome of goal setting and realization for those precise successes (Lowrey, 1). Being a woman is all about self-improvement and self-help. One should make a plan. Making a decision of the goal that one wants to accomplish in life and within a definite period is vital. Women should do something to be remembered when they are no more. For instance, you may want your children to recall the fact that that you were the cleanest or for the flower you grew. Again voicing your dream is an important goal regardless of where you are. Learn to tell the world who you want to be and what you want in life. When you tell others, it means committing. Ladies should always be aware of whom they are and what they want to become takes much approach. Look inside and find the things that you are proud of and this can be seen as self-aid or self-development. Before looking for her weakness, a woman needs to know what she does best. In addition, strength awareness builds character and confidence (Lowrey 3). In today’s society, it is very important to have a role model to whom one can look upon for guidance. The role model should be a positive influencer, one that we can trust, relate to our situations and share information that can help us reach our goals and help us to solve a problem. This role model lays an important part in our lives and they assist us in making sound decisions. They help us more in mental and growth development. Woman/a female in public eyes catch the attention of very many people. They watch the way in which a woman conducts herself, the way she speak and how she treats others. Women should live by the saying that ‘to whom much is given, much is expected'. They should understand the importance of representing themselves and the family in responsible and responsible manner. Skylar Diggins’, one of the basketball players is one of the role models among women and she tries to help young girls by volunteering. She hosts number of free clinics, coac hes many girls and speaks to them. She believes that this could help young girls realize their potential and set a higher bar for themselves (Diggings, 1). Most people in life have a role model who guides them. Reasons for these role models vary from one reason to another but the ideal they represent and the admiration they inspire is what makes them attractive. A role model should have the ability to give spiritual and moral values to an individual and stimulate a person to reach beyond one self. Today, the role models exposed to women are fashion related, interpersonal relationships, dating, marital as well as professional on careers. From Catholics’ point of view, blessed Virgin Mary remains the role model for all women at all times since they see her as an example of transcend and inclusive time and culture. Mary is seen as the perfect human being; in her, women of all walks of life can see what it means to be a woman in relationship with Christ. Women can learn fulfi llment of existence of feminine by not aspiring to become a copy of masculine since such thoughts always distort the mission and vision of a female (Sommers, 1). Successful Women and What They Do There are women who have really worked hard and they are

Karl Marx & Political Life Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Karl Marx & Political Life - Term Paper Example It was these that guided these revolutionaries in their struggles to change the status quo and introduce a new system in society. At the core of Marxist ideas is the tool of analysis that is to be used in understanding the essential features of society. The Marxist social analysis is actually the most essential principle behind the socialist ideology. Without social analysis, it is apparently impossible to discover the factors that could lead to the progress of society from one historical stage to another. Without it, the leadership of such movements for change would not be able to identify the motive forces as well as those that would seek to maintain the status quo. As a social scientist, Marx was among the first to articulate that to understand society, it is necessary to focus on the material basis of its existence, the economy. He actually began his investigations of society by first understanding the dynamics of capitalist economy, particularly its mode of production. It was th rough his observations in the relationship among the people involved in production that he was able to formulate a theory about social classes and the political structure arising from it. Therefore, Marx does not consider politics as independent from economic life. Instead, he considers it to be a reflection of the relations in production. At the same time, however, he also explains that the nature of the economy can also be altered by changes in politics. Even as Marx formulated a social theory that eventually led to the organization and mobilization of the working class for social change, he was not a worker himself. A lawyer by training and education, he belonged to the middle class. Therefore, it was impossible for him develop the political standpoint and ideological viewpoint of the proletariat. However, he was drawn to socialist ideas and was also a Hegelian; both of which were contributing factors to his determination in learning about the potential elements that could lead t o radical social transformation. As a socialist, Marx appreciated the benefits of a society where there are no distinctions based on wealth and participation on labor. As a Hegelian, he was also very interested in discovering dialectics in society; the contradictions that could lead to change. Aside from being a socialist and a Hegelian, Marx also upheld the principal aspects of political economy as articulated by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, especially in the concept that the wealth of society originates from the combination of nature and human labor. All these were vital to the development of Marx’s systematic theory. Inspired by his socialist principles and Hegelian-influenced methods of analysis, Marx went on to investigate the mode of production. As a result of his investigation he concluded that â€Å"the increasing value of the world of things proceeds in direct proportion to the devaluation of the world of men† and that labor produces not only commodities; it also produces itself and the worker as a commodity – and does so in the proportion in which it produces commodities generally.† (Marx 43) As the working class reproduces itself, individuals who are not involved in labor but are related to production emerge. These are the capitalists or the bourgeoisie; the class whose existence is based on the appropriation of a certain percentage of the wealth created by

Ethical Standards of the American Educational Research Association Essay

Ethical Standards of the American Educational Research Association - Essay Example As the paper highlights   the American Educational Research Association (AREA) publishes a comprehensive set of ethical standards used to guide the work of educational researchers. This paper will examine three of the most pressing and relevant ethical issues that face educational researchers. One of the most important issues of research ethics is research honesty. According to AREAs standards, "Educational researchers must not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent authorship, evidence, data, findings, or conclusions". While this may seem an obvious transgression of research ethics, researchers may be tempted to compromise results in the face of scarce resources. Researchers may be tempted to borrow data without giving proper credit, or falsify data that they intuitively believe to be true, without having accomplished the research. In addition, political or social agendas may drive the research and results could be skewed to reflect the particular point of view of the researcher. All of these cases place the research in question and bring harm to a vulnerable population of students. This paper stresses that another key component of ethical educational research is the expectation of anonymity and privacy. AREAs ethical code states, "Informants and participants have a right to remain anonymous. This right should be respected when no clear understanding to the contrary has been reached". In other words, all participants have the expectation of privacy and anonymity. The subjects do not have to request that their data or test scores remain private, the ethical standards assure it. If the researcher wishes to make the information public, they must seek explicit permission from the participant. To protect the individual from harm, and the researcher from liability, the issue of informed consent must be completely resolved.  

How to become a lady to be admired and envied Essay

How to become a lady to be admired and envied - Essay Example None of the statements above includes level of college degree, level of career, financial wealth or marital status. This does not mean that they are not important. Certainly, they are to the same degree they are essential to an individual. Those accomplishments are as an outcome of goal setting and realization for those precise successes (Lowrey, 1). Being a woman is all about self-improvement and self-help. One should make a plan. Making a decision of the goal that one wants to accomplish in life and within a definite period is vital. Women should do something to be remembered when they are no more. For instance, you may want your children to recall the fact that that you were the cleanest or for the flower you grew. Again voicing your dream is an important goal regardless of where you are. Learn to tell the world who you want to be and what you want in life. When you tell others, it means committing. Ladies should always be aware of whom they are and what they want to become takes much approach. Look inside and find the things that you are proud of and this can be seen as self-aid or self-development. Before looking for her weakness, a woman needs to know what she does best. In addition, strength awareness builds character and confidence (Lowrey 3). In today’s society, it is very important to have a role model to whom one can look upon for guidance. The role model should be a positive influencer, one that we can trust, relate to our situations and share information that can help us reach our goals and help us to solve a problem. This role model lays an important part in our lives and they assist us in making sound decisions. They help us more in mental and growth development. Woman/a female in public eyes catch the attention of very many people. They watch the way in which a woman conducts herself, the way she speak and how she treats others. Women should live by the saying that ‘to whom much is given, much is expected'. They should understand the importance of representing themselves and the family in responsible and responsible manner. Skylar Diggins’, one of the basketball players is one of the role models among women and she tries to help young girls by volunteering. She hosts number of free clinics, coac hes many girls and speaks to them. She believes that this could help young girls realize their potential and set a higher bar for themselves (Diggings, 1). Most people in life have a role model who guides them. Reasons for these role models vary from one reason to another but the ideal they represent and the admiration they inspire is what makes them attractive. A role model should have the ability to give spiritual and moral values to an individual and stimulate a person to reach beyond one self. Today, the role models exposed to women are fashion related, interpersonal relationships, dating, marital as well as professional on careers. From Catholics’ point of view, blessed Virgin Mary remains the role model for all women at all times since they see her as an example of transcend and inclusive time and culture. Mary is seen as the perfect human being; in her, women of all walks of life can see what it means to be a woman in relationship with Christ. Women can learn fulfi llment of existence of feminine by not aspiring to become a copy of masculine since such thoughts always distort the mission and vision of a female (Sommers, 1). Successful Women and What They Do There are women who have really worked hard and they are

Ethical Standards of the American Educational Research Association Essay

Ethical Standards of the American Educational Research Association - Essay Example As the paper highlights   the American Educational Research Association (AREA) publishes a comprehensive set of ethical standards used to guide the work of educational researchers. This paper will examine three of the most pressing and relevant ethical issues that face educational researchers. One of the most important issues of research ethics is research honesty. According to AREAs standards, "Educational researchers must not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent authorship, evidence, data, findings, or conclusions". While this may seem an obvious transgression of research ethics, researchers may be tempted to compromise results in the face of scarce resources. Researchers may be tempted to borrow data without giving proper credit, or falsify data that they intuitively believe to be true, without having accomplished the research. In addition, political or social agendas may drive the research and results could be skewed to reflect the particular point of view of the researcher. All of these cases place the research in question and bring harm to a vulnerable population of students. This paper stresses that another key component of ethical educational research is the expectation of anonymity and privacy. AREAs ethical code states, "Informants and participants have a right to remain anonymous. This right should be respected when no clear understanding to the contrary has been reached". In other words, all participants have the expectation of privacy and anonymity. The subjects do not have to request that their data or test scores remain private, the ethical standards assure it. If the researcher wishes to make the information public, they must seek explicit permission from the participant. To protect the individual from harm, and the researcher from liability, the issue of informed consent must be completely resolved.  

Decreasing Fossil Fuels Essay Example for Free

Decreasing Fossil Fuels Essay Over the past century America has continuously used its own fossil fuel resources and paid handsomely for additional supplies, in the race to stay current with modern technology and life .The possession of this resource has made the United States a very prosperous and powerful nation. The same fossil fuels that’s has made America such a powerhouse are the same that are damaging the environment and economy they have enabled. It is imperative that we decrease our dependency on fossil fuels, or it is inevitable that our economy and environment will suffer tremendously. With these fuels being such a crucial and essential part of Americas livelihood and status, it brings us to the question .What are fossil fuels? According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Science: Fossil fuels are buried deposits of petroleum, coal, peat, natural gas, and other carbon-rich organic compounds derived from the dead bodies of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Over long periods of time, pressure generated by overlaying sediments and from within the Earth has concentrated and modified these materials into valuable energy sources for it human purpose. Fossil fuels currently provide about 90 % of all technological energy used in the world. They provide the power to move vehicles, heat living spaces, provide light, cook our food, transmit and process information and carry out a wide variety of industrial processes (Thomson). There are countless marvels and miracles that we can list that came from the dawn of industrialization in the 21st century that the abundan ce of fossil fuels has provided. If the flow of fossil fuels to the United States were ever cut off, the economy would come to a halt. There would be no way to transport the products that factories produce. There would be no way for people to drive to work. The whole economy, and in fact the whole of western society, currently depends on fossil fuels (Graetz 198). Fossil fuels are the leading source of our economic advancement and can eventually be the downfall. With the great dependency that our economy has on these fuels it is important that we talk about the economic issues and threats that this unhealthy dependency causes. Each day the United States spends about $2 billion buying oil and loses another $4 billion indirectly to the macroeconomic cost of oil dependence, the microeconomic cost of oil price volatility ,and the cost of keeping military forces ready for intervention (Lovins). This dependency to foreign oil supplies is causing unstable security threats for the nation. We are competing with other importing counties that are expanding their economies which put us at a great risk for conflict in the Persian Gulf and terrorism. If the oil rich countries that we depend on wanted to raise their prices we would have no choice but to comply or it could but a halt to our economy .This kind of dependency is extremely unhealthy for our nation and our economy. This creates economic risk because we do not have control over the supply and we depend on it almost exclusively for our productivity. Doing business with politically unstable countries like Saudi Arabia and Iraq, can make us vulnerable to terrorism and threats from other nations. This continuing dependency on fossil fuels has the potential to put a halt to our economy .This unhealthy dependency can also cause security threats like terrorism from politically unstable nations. With these disastrous effects of fuel dependency it is clear that something must be done .It is imperative that we decrease our d ependency on fossil fuels, or it is inevitable that our economy will suffer tremendously. The economic threats are not the only factors that warrant for immediate reduction of the fuel usage environmental factors play an overwhelming hazardous proportion. It has been recognized worldwide that the utilization of an enormous amount of fossil fuels has created various adverse effects on the environment. Every day in America we take for granted the fresh drinking water, fresh air to breathe and the beauty of nature. We will lose these natural blessings with the continuing use of fossil fuels. These fuels are having jeopardous effects on our ecosystem. The extraction of these fuels on land degrades the land .It destroys the habitat .The process of drilling, extracting and processing fossil fuels is not entirely efficient and creates waste .This sometimes results in harmful by-products entering the ground. (Rabl and Spadaro).It can make it unsustainable .It destroys the habitat of animals that live on the sites. Land extraction is not worse of two evils. Extraction in marine or wetland environments has had severe impacts (Cleveland, Hall and Kaufmann 357).Oil spilled on water spreads out and is carried out by water currents. This contaminated water can be ingested by animals or worse maybe even humans. It has the propensity to clog appendages, body coverings and membranes of marine animals. Transporting fossil fuels can cause damage as well. Pipelines carrying oil, for example, can rupture and spread pollutants over a large area of land. In areas of chemical spills, vegetation can be killed and unable to be grown for many years. Toxins contaminating the ground may directly affect crops and the habitats of animals (358). Another effect of the fuel usage is air pollution. According to Ayhan Demirbas air pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property. One of the main air pollutants that helps exceed the air quality standard or AQS is Carbon monoxide or (CO).Co is produced by the incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels including petrol and diesel which are produced by fossil fuels. Nitrogen oxide or (NOx) can cause smoke and acid rain. Nitrogen oxide can also make children susceptible to respiratory diseases. The acid rain occurs when the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen from the burning fuels combine with water vapor in the atmosphere and fall as rain, snow or fog (Lovins). The acid rain causes extensive damage to water, forests, soil resources, human health and it can also corrode buildings .The international scope of the problem has led to the signing of international agreement s on the limitation of nitrogen dioxide emissions (Kunstler). The burning of coal from human activities have led to increased atmospheric concentrations of a number of greenhouse gases ,including carbon dioxide ,methane, nitrous oxide ,CFC’s ,and ozone in the lower part of the atmosphere( Demirbas ). These gases have opened the door for all kinds of health problems like respiratory diseases, damage to kidneys, cardiovascular and nervous system. â€Å"Most scientists consider it likely that if the atmospheric concentrations of C02 and other so-called greenhouse gases continue to rise, the earth’s climate will become warmer† (Cline) .These gases add to the naturally already occurring atmospheric gases increasing the overall temperature of earth. An increasing temperature on the planet can have disastrous effects in the long term. Widespread changes to earth’s climate would be expected to cause extreme weather and storms, massive ecological changes, and the extinction of many species. Reducing the amount of fossil fuels would considerably reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced, as well as the level of pollutants which causes acid rain. The extensive use of fossil fuels has caused such catastrophic damages to our environment. With all of these overwhelming hazardous effects they create it is imperative that we decrease out dependency on fossil fuels, or it is inevitable that our environment will suffer tremendously. The current dominance of fossil fuels as an energy source reflects their convenience of use and relative ease of production in comparison with other energy sources (Lincoln). No other energy sources, match fuels for power, versatility, transportability or ease of storage. James Howard Kunstler describes our continual use of these fuels best in his book The Long Emergency when he said: Oil is an amazing substance. It stores a tremendous amount of energy per weight and volume .It is easy to transport .It stores easily at regular air temperature in unpressurized metal tanks, and it can sit there indefinitely without degrading †¦. . It is flammable but has proven to be safe to handle with a modest amount of care by people with double digit IQs .It can be refined by straightforward distillation into many grades of fuel. There are many reasons why we continue to use fossil fuel .It is more affordable and cheaper to use, they pack more energy, it is easy to transport, it is easy to use and has many uses and it is readily available. Even with all of these more efficient reasons to use these fuels it is still does not outweigh the harm that they cause to the environment or threats to the economy. The cause a wide range of problems like acid rain, global warming and security threats the list goes on .We must cut down on the tremendous volumes of use. Fossil fuels are natural substances made deep within the Earth from remains of animals and plants over time, heat and pressure turned these decomposing remains into fuels which release energy when burned. These fuels have taken hundreds and millions of years to make this are not a slow process. We are using such a large amount of this energy as if the supply is never ending .One day these supplies are going to be exhausted, and there will be a need for an alternative source if our economy and environment are going to survive. One possible solution to decrease the fossil fuel damage is to look into renewable resource like hydrogen energy is one possible choice. Hydrogen is harvested by a process called electrolysis, which separates the hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms in water. Hydrogen energy could be an endless resource once a more economical way of producing the hydrogen gas is discovered. When using hydrogen fuel cell energy the only byproduct would be water. Hydrogen clearly provides the potential for huge energy and environmental improvements. Engineer Harry T. Roman states: If fuel cells could be used in our homes with hydrogen, Imagine the possibility of being able to generate both your Electricity and heating needs right in your basement, with Little or no pollution. And are there some bonuses, like no More electric power outages when storms come blowing Through, no fuel delivery interruptions, and no potential terrorist Threats to our utility systems? While other alternative energies provide short-term solutions, only hydrogen presents long-term benefits that will reduce pollution and U.S. dependence on foreign oil. With the possibility of cleaner air, fewer security threats because they would be produced in the U.S. and the supply would be endless and readily available it seems that this could be a potential alternative. It is imperative that we decrease our dependency on fossil fuels, or it is inevitable that our economy and environment will suffer tremendously. The uses of these fuels have caused security threats from dealing with politically unstable nations. It also puts our economy under the control of these foreign nations. If they would chose to increase their prices it could put a halt to our economy and way of life. Large use of these fuels has also had devastating effects on the environment. The burning of these fuels has created acid rain, global warming, contamination of water supplies and various human illnesses. If this new modern lifestyles of technology mobility, and industrial efficiency is to be sustained there will have to be changes in our energy consumption and source. One proposed alternative is hydrogen energy. This energy source is made from a process called electrolysis. It emits virtually no pollution and is renewable so the supply is unlimited. It will be produced locally so the terrorist threats would be diminished.

Leadership theories and models

Leadership theories and models Task 1: Definition of leadership: Leadership can be defined through different ways. But in simple, leadership is the process of motivating or influencing the group of people to do something or doing their work more effectively and efficiently. To be a leader, a person must have the ability to motivate or influence other people. In fact, leaders and followers use the leadership as a process of motivating and influencing others for gaining the objectives of an organization. There exist more similarities between leadership and management in different sector such as: motivating or influencing people and these are done both by manager and also leader. The process of leadership and management are done with the people. The main purpose of leadership and management is to accomplish the goal effectively. There are many activities of management which are similar with the function of leadership. But some dissimilarity is existed between leadership and management. A manager of British Airways should have the ability to lead to other that means he should has the skill of leadership because as a manager he plays the role of managerial and also leader. But the leader doesnt need to play the role of manager. Leadership theories and models: There are lots of theories regarding the leadership. Such as: trait theories, contingency theory, behavioural theory, participative theory, situational theories. These theories are described below: Behavioural approach: In case of behavioural leadership, the Ohio State Studies uses the questionnaire on leadership behaviour and conduct a sample survey through this questionnaire on different school, manufacturing companies or leaders of students. After completing the survey, the studies of Ohio State get the two different views of leadership which identifies the roles and responsibilities of leaders. These two aspects are: the leadership behaviour which is task oriented and another one is consideration. First one that is task oriented behaviour mainly consist the activities of directing, monitoring and designing the employees work and the consideration implies the leaders behaviour or concern towards their welfare, help them and monitoring their task accomplishment. http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Int-Loc/Leadership-Theories-and-Studies.html There is another study which is done on leadership behaviour that is Michigan study. This study mainly focuses on the methods and processes of leadership which is indicated to the subordinates performance and their satisfaction to the job. Simply, it can be said that this study is related to the productivity and the employee. (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Int-Loc/Leadership-Theories-and-Studies.html) Contingency approach: Contingency approach is also called situational approach. This approach is also concentrated on the team work and indicated to the activities of the leader to motivate his subordinates to work as a group and this group work or the leaders orientation on this is more effective. Contingency theories include Path goal, situational theory etc. and also the contingency theory of Fiedler. According to Fiedler contingency theory, the role of leader should be task- oriented in both the situation of favorable or unfavorable. But this theory was not clearly defined about the style of leadership. Path goal theory indicated to the performance of subordinate that is their experience, performance, their skills and ability etc. and to the working environment which is related to style of group work, authority system, quality of task etc. Impact of leadership styles: Two different styles of leadership: There are various styles of leadership which are used in different situations within the organization and the examples of these styles of leadership are: autocratic leadership, bureaucratic leadership, charismatic, democratic or participative, laissez faire, task oriented and transactional leadership etc. Among these forms of leadership styles, here I make comparison among the autocratic and democratic leadership. 1. Autocratic leadership: Transactional leadership with an extreme form is considered as the autocratic leadership where absolute power has been contained by the leaders to direct their worker or subordinates or team. Little opportunities are getting by the members of staff and team in order to suggestion making which is related with the best interest of the team or organization. It has been intended by many people to treat in this way of liking by them. Hence, the situations of high level absenteeism and the turnover of staff within the organization are leaded by the autocratic leadership. Therefore, effectiveness of this style of leadership is shown on the job of routine and unskilled work, the reason of which is that disadvantages can be outweighing by the control advantages. 2. Democratic leadership: Though, final decisions are made by the democratic leaders where other team members are invited by them to make contribution towards the process of decision making. Job satisfaction is not merely increasing by this through the involvement of the members of team, but it also provides support to skills development of the people. The team members can control their destiny by themselves through which they get motivation for working hard by getting the financial reward. The reason of which is time is needed to make participation of the members of team and may be more time is needed but the better result can be come. The situation on when this approach is used, in the time of working on a team as required and when quality gets more priority rather than the market speed or the productivity of the workers. Leadership Qualities: Leadership skill is considered as the managerial skill which is used for the purpose of motivating the peoples of the group in order to achieve the common goal. In this competitive market, it is very much needed to contain the skill of leadership by the manager through which he or she can lead the organization effectively and efficiently. Leadership is mainly related with the capacity where leader contains the capacity to listen others opinion and observe the activities of employees. Not only is this, in the decision making areas, the skills very much needed for the manager of an organization. One more thing is that if the employees are not motivated to do their works then the business cant be run and the manager with leadership skill can be greatly motivated to the employees of their works and try to give their best. 1. Forecasting and planning: the leader should have clear vision in relation to the forecasting and make planning within the organization from the perspective of SMART objectives of achievable, measurable, specific, realistic, and time boundary. 2. Organizing: leader should make the structure of the plan several parts are made for the specific task so that it can be easily get understand by the employees and as well as can be easily accomplished leader should determine the resources such as: the resources of human, monetary, technology and materials make sure about the work of sensitivity and job security of the employees 3. Command manager should have to distribute the task among the employees manager should maintain the level of hierarchy within the organization and as well as reported this controlling activities are taking by the manager for the purpose of leading the work force 4. Co-ordination manager should unified and harmonised the activities of the organization and as well as organized these activities the manager supervise the activities of the organization as coordinated and the activities and efforts are also harmonised and unified by the manager manager should also provide the support to the organization and as well as the employees of the organization to do their job and motivate them lead the organization and along with motivate the subordinates to give their best efforts on their job Task 2: For the purpose of describing the companies present status on the current condition of economy, after that, the significant changes which have been occurred since from the last five years within these organizations and positive or negative effect of the changes on these organizations, it should be needed to analyse the internal and external factors of the organizational changes where all these subject matter are explained. Internal factors: 1. Technology infrastructure: In order to exchanging the information, facilitating the system of communication and operating the business, internet plays the significant roles which can be included on current infrastructure of technology. British Airways, on this organization, rapid changes are happened on the technological sectors and as well more knowledge is demanded for ensuring effective management system within these organizations for the purpose of resources managing and along with developing these resources where competitive advantage is also maintained by the organization. 2. Change in leadership: Services are restructuring by these organizations such as: British Airways for the purpose of fulfilling the customer demand. It seems to be very difficult to spend money by the organization for solving each and every problem and this matter is well known the top leader of the organizations. In relation to solve the problem, workers of highly committed and flexible are needed within the organization. For make adjustment with the recent changes of the organization, great support can be getting from the leader in order to change the attitude of the employees for the purpose of accepting or welcoming the new changes. 3.Change in Employees Morale and Motivation: Employees morale and motivation are affected by making changes on leadership policies and practices in British Airways. It may also affect the productivity, production and profits of these organizations. External factors: For the purpose becoming successful in the current condition of the world, the organizations also should focus on the external environmental factors, along with the considerations are given toward the internal environment by the organizations. Resources and employees are included on the internal factors where external factors consist of political, economical, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. Through describing these factors, it can be found out about the current conditions of the organization and the positive and negative effect of changes on the organizations. Political factors: In modern organizations such as: British Airways, there has the significant affects of the global politics. The activities of global politics for example: the incident of 9/11, Soviet Union collapse, Germanys reunification, WTO policies, have significant effect on the British Airwayss business operation and the results of which may impede the development of the organization. Economic factor: British Airways, this organization handle the scarce resource allocation which is related with the economic system. The economic progress of the country is done by leaps and bounds as the phase of progress. In the flourishing stage of economy rising level of peoples standard of living may result to grow the business of British Airways. Social factor: Inspiration, outlook and activity are considered as the foundation of the progress of the society in relation to the human affairs. Therefore, customer actions which are related with the approach and activities of them keep contribution on affecting the business of British Airways. There are some factors for example: level of maturity, vocation type and along with activities of sparing time and these factors are considered as the basis of bringing changes on the attitude and approach of the customer which results the changes of growing the business of British Airways. Technological factors: Tremendous effect is brought by the technological factors in order to the operation of the business development of British Airways and their status and as well as their program of marketing. These incidences are directed towards the rapid movement of the new trends generation and if the organizations dont know about these rapid movements of new trends then the growth and development of the business operation of the organization may impede. In British Airways, world class bid of this organization, management with cutting edge in order to the program of ethical auditing, a deal is signed by this organization with the management system of BSI in relation to the entropy software provision. Environmental factors: Natural gifts are included on the factors of environment which keep contribution on the change management of an organization where lands, water, air all are comprised. In fact, the movement of cost efficiency of British Airways result turned out the production progress of British Airways in order to affiliation alert where it has been showed that for the purpose of ensuring more earning, the organizations should also think about the environmental factors. Legal factor: Legal system is consisting of the rules and regulations which are considered as the framework on the basis of which the business of British Airways operate. The activities of promotion keep contribution towards the development of the nations administration policies for example: natural environment can be polluted through ventures put off by others. Task 3: Change management is considered as the approach of structuring and strategy in order to initiating and managing the process of change at the structure and culture of organization along with the behaviour and attitude of individuals or team to the transition of change at the business process field, implementation of technology, or the organizational policies. There has been shown the dramatically increment of the pace of change. The feature of operating environment is high dynamism and ever more complex as faced by the business and managers. At the todays market place, for the purpose of continuing the success and competent the leadership of change, change is going to make necessary requirement where it is mostly related with the executive leadership skill. The organizational environment within which the operation of the organization is conducted now becoming complex, turbulent and not certain. Therefore, the application of the proper form of changes in the requirement of the environm ental challenges is applied for the long term sustainability of organizations. It also consists of the shifting of the organizations perceptions and beliefs in relation to the employees, customers, competitors and products Managing change is an important requirement for the success of strategy implementation that is also stated by Al-Abri (2007) who says that managing change controls the changes by plan, evaluation and implementation to make the changes worthy and relevant. But Dowson and Andriopoulos (2009) completely disagree with them because they say that managing change is the moving of new technologies and techniques to develop products and services so that organizations can compete in the market. Sengupta et al (2006) covers most of all issues of managing change and they more or less agree with all except Dowson and Andriopoulos because they establish managing change is as a set of factors like psychological, social, personal and demographic that introduces resists, modifies, alters and accepts the changes gradually. Task 4: Change management has consisted a goal which is related with the aspect of human to overcome the change resistance for the member of organization to buy into change and achieve the goal of British Airways of the transformation as orderly and effectiveness. The change management of the British Airways is considered as the both process and tools which are used by the management in order to making changes at the level of organization. It has been expected by most organization to implement the change along with the least resistance and also the most buy- in. For the purpose of occurring this, structured approach is used to implement change so that smooth operation of the transition from the behaviour of one type to other organization widely. Through following ways, the issues of change management can be dealt: At majority of the cases, the first responsibility of the management of British Airways is to processes or behavior identifying which is not proficient and coming up with new behaviors, processes, etc which are considered as more effective inside the organization. there has been occurred the identification of one changes, it is required for the manager to impact estimating which they should determine for the organization and the employee as individual at many levels such as: technology, employee behavior, work processes, etc. The main job of the management of British Airways is to provide supports to the workers of the organization by the changing process which is seemed to be very difficult. In addition, hard work is needed to adopt by the each and every individual and the whole organization in order to making modifications of necessary behavior. Task 5: The imposing or enforcing effective change is seemed to be impossible and very difficult. Unexpected results, inertia or best compliance as reluctant are leaded by the entire approach of top- down. Parish et al (2008) conducted the research which focuses towards the change antecedents for example: matching with vision, relationship quality of employee and manager, motivation to do the job, autonomy role, change commitment is influenced by all. Implementation success and improved performance have the great impact on the significant affective commitment in British Airways. At functional change in British Airways, training and development is considered as the significant part of it. The significance of it may identified in terms of new skills, attitudes and behaviors as required but it has also the aim of giving staff understanding and empowering them to increase confidence of them by pursuing continuous improvement (Burnes, 2004, and Kotter, 1996). There is needed to establish the comprehensive program of training along with the placing of the system for evaluation and feedback. Therefore, training resistance and common problems for example: inability of transferring new skills of the workplace; is discussed by Rusaw (2000), which stemmed from the struggle among the domination and efforts of the organization to employee emancipation.

Vik Muniz Photographs :: Essays Papers

Vik Muniz Photographs I observed a very unique series of photographs by Vik Muniz called Seeing is Believing. Vik Muniz’s images are not simply photography but are pictures of complicated pieces of art he has produced at earlier times. Utilizing an array of unorthodox materials including granulated sugar, chocolate syrup, sewing thread, cotton, wire, and soil Muniz first creates an image, sculpturally manipulates it and then photographs it. Muniz’s pictures include portraits, landscapes, x-rays, and historical images. One work that particularly caught my attention was a photograph called â€Å"Big James Sweats Bullets† from the series Sugar Children. The content or subject matter of the artwork is representational. The photograph depicts the hardworking children of sugar cane plantations in South America. This particularly photo is a portrait of a dark skinned boy, slightly overweight, standing and grinning. The photo is of neatly arranged granulated sugar across a piece of black paper which produces the image of the boy. Many different sensory properties compose the artwork. There is a soft light that seems very natural coming off the boy’s face. The light shines at the boy’s face at an elevated level, as if he were outside on a hot afternoon with the sun overhead. There is a wide range of tones from very bright, in the reflection off the boys cheeks to very dark in the skin of the boys face. Muniz does an excellent job using shadows to provide a feeling of depth and adding curves to the boys body and face. The shape of the boy is positive, but the background is not defined, allowing a negative shape or void in the picture. Although there is no actually texture on the photograph the texture from the original work of art is apparent. The use of sugar gives off a hazy effect preventing the photo from having a clear focus. The portrait of the boy has a frontal vantage point with his body centered and balanced on at all angles. This shows the expression on the boys face and the size of the boys body, which is important to the title of the work. When looking at the photograph the eyes are immediately drawn to the boys face and grin.

Biblical Illusions in Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon Essay -- Song So

Biblical Illusions in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon Song of Solomon, by Toni Morrison, is about a man named Macon Dead. Throughout this novel, however, he is known by all except his father as Milkman because his mother breastfed him until he was in his teens. The novel centers on Milkman's attempt to find himself. His family is a wealthy black family living in a poor black neighborhood, where Milkman's father prohibits Milkman from interacting with most of them, including his aunt. However, he ends up visiting her, and while there, he learns a little about his family's mysterious past and decides to look deeper into it. Throughout his journey into his past, one may notice a large amount of biblical allusions. The first and most noticeable of these allusions is the title of the novel itself. _Song of Solomon_ is not only the title of this novel, but also a biblical book. This book in the Bible is also known as the Song of Songs and the Canticles. It is a collection of songs telling the story of a conversation between King Solomon and his beautiful Shulamite Bride, who happe...